1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology. 2003;61:37–49.
6. Yoo TK, Lee KS, Sumarsono B, Kim ST, Kim HJ, Lee HC, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in population aged 40 years or over, in South Korea. Invest Clin Urol. 2018;59:166–176.
7. Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS, Hardin JM, McDowell BJ, Dombrowski M, et al. Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women: A randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1998;280:1995–2000.
8. Bø K, Kvarstein B, Nygaard I. Lower urinary tract symptoms and pelvic floor muscle exercise adherence after 15 years. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:999–1005.
9. Kelleher CJ, Cardozo LD, Khullar V, Salvatore S. A medium-term analysis of the subjective efficacy of treatment for women with detrusor instability and low bladder compliance. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104:988–993.
10. Chapple C, Sievert KD, MacDiarmid S, Khullar V, Radziszewski P, Nardo C, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA 100 U significantly improves all idiopathic overactive bladder symptoms and quality of life in patients with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence: A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Eur Urol. 2013;64:249–256.
11. Cruz F, Herschorn S, Aliotta P, Brin M, Thompson C, Lam W, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2011;60:742–750.
13. Brazzelli M, Murray A, Fraser C. Eff icacy and safety of sacral nerve stimulation for urinary urge incontinence: A systematic review. J Urol. 2006;175:835–841.
14. Lee HY, Min KY, Im JH, Cho IY, Kim SJ, Park YJ, et al. A Clinical Study of 3 Cases of Patients who have Neurogenic Bladder wih Nocturia Treated by Electroacupuncture. J Int Korean Med. 2008;29:161–167. [in Korean].
16. Mak TC, Chen HY, Cho WC. Acupuncture for overactive bladder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acupunct Med. 2019;37:321–331.
22. He E, Chen Y, Tian H, Zhao J. Effective observation of electroacupuncture with different courses for female stress urinary incontinence. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2016;36:351–354. [in Chinese].
23. Tang KM, Shen R, Jiang F, Wang Q, Xie XB, Chen YL. Therapeutic Evaluation of Acupuncture for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. Shang Hai Zhen Jiu Za Zhi. 2016;35:1439–1441. [in Chinese].
25. Zhang J, Cheng W, Cai M. Effects of electroacupuncture on overactive bladder refractory to anticholinergics: A single-blind randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2015;33:368–374.
26. Gu XD, Wang J, Yu P, Li JH, Yao YH, Fu JM, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture combined with clean intermittent catheterization on urinary retention after spinal cord injury: A single blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:19757–19763.
28. Liu B, Liu Y, Qin Z, Zhou K, Xu H, He L, et al. Electroacupuncture Versus Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Plus Solifenacin for Women With Mixed Urinary Incontinence: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94:54–65.
29. Wang S, Lv J, Feng X, Lv T. Eff icacy of Electrical Pudendal Nerve Stimulation versus Transvaginal Electrical Stimulation in Treating Female Idiopathic Urgency Urinary Incontinence. J Urol. 2017;197:1496–1501.
30. Wang S, Lv J, Feng X, Wang G, Lv T. Efficacy of Electrical Pudendal Nerve Stimulation in Treating Female Stress Incontinence. Urology. 2016;91:64–69.
31. Yang T, Zhang XQ, Feng YW. Efficacy of electroacupuncture in treating 93 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2008;28:998–1000. [in Chinese].
32. Li T, Feng X, Lv J, Cai T, Wang S. Short-term Clinical Efficacy of Electric Pudendal Nerve Stimulation on Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Disease: A Pilot Research. Urology. 2018;112:69–73.
33. Liu ZH, Shao SJ, Ye YM, Li YS, Huang M, Zhang H, et al. Analysis of the curative effect of electro-acupuncture at Ciliao and Huiyang points to treat senile urinary incontinence. Shanghai Zhenjiu Zazhi. 1998;17:14–15. [in Chinese].
34. Zhang W, Xu N, Dong Y. Elongated-Needle Treatment of Urinary Incontinence Caused by Apoplexy. World J Acupunct Moxibustion. 1996;6:33–35.
35. Feng QT, He B, Chen XL, Li RH. Clinical observation of different acupuncture methods for treating overactive bladder syndrome. Xin Zhongyi. 2014;46:188–190. [in Chinese].
36. Li LF, Ka-Kit Leung G, Lui WM. Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder. World Neurosurg. 2016;90:236–243.
37. Kessler TM, Fowler CJ. Sacral neuromodulation for urinary retention. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2008;5:657–666.
38. Elkelini MS, Abuzgaya A, Hassouna MM. Mechanisms of action of sacral neuromodulation. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21 Suppl 2:S439–446.
39. Yoshimura N. Bladder afferent pathway and spinal cord injury: Possible mechanisms inducing hyperreflexia of the urinary bladder. Prog Neurobiol. 1999;57:583–606.
40. Wang Y, Hassouna MM. Neuromodulation reduces c-fos gene expression in spinalized rats: a double-blind randomized study. J Urol. 2000;163:1966–1970.
41. Leng WW, Chancellor MB. How sacral nerve stimulation neuromodulation works. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32:11–18.
42. Aboseif S, Tamaddon K, Chalfin S, Freedman S, Mourad MS, Chang JH, et al. Sacral neuromodulation in functional urinary retention: An effective way to restore voiding. BJU Int. 2002;90:662–665.
43. Bosch JL. Electrical neuromodulatory therapy in female voiding dysfunction. BJU Int. 2006;98 Suppl 1:43–49; discussion 9.
44. Groen J, Amiel C, Bosch JL. Chronic pudendal nerve neuromodulation in women with idiopathic refractory detrusor overactivity incontinence: Results of a pilot study with a novel minimally invasive implantable ministimulator. Neurourol Urodyn. 2005;24:226–230.
45. Wang S, Zhang S, Zhao L. Long-term efficacy of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation for urgency-frequency syndrome in women. Int Urogynecol J. 2014;25:397–402.
46. Vaganée D FE, Voorham J, Van de Borne S, Voorham-van der Zalm P, De Wachter S. Behind the scenes: An electromyographic interpretation of the pelvic floor contractions seen by the naked eye upon stimulation in sacral neuromodulation patients. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38:S446–449.
47. De Wachter S, Vaganee D, Kessler TM. Sacral Neuromodulation: Mechanism of Action. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6:823–825.
48. Wang S, Zhang S. Simultaneous perineal ultrasound and vaginal pressure measurement prove the action of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation in treating female stress incontinence. BJU Int. 2012;110:1338–1343.