Original Article

The Acupuncture 2015; 32(1): 53-66

Published online March 20, 2015

https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

© Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine Society

족삼리의 仙茅약침이 Monosodium Iodoacetate로 유발한 골관절염 흰쥐에 미치는 영향

지민정, 임성철, 김재수, 이현종, 이윤규*

대구한의대학교 한의과대학 침구경혈학교실

Received: February 9, 2015; Revised: February 22, 2015; Accepted: February 23, 2015

Effects of Curculiginis Rhizoma Pharmaco-Acupuncture at ST36 on Monosodium Iodoacetate(MIA)-induced Osteoarthritic Rats

Min Jung Ji, Seong Chul Lim, Jae Soo Kim, Hyun Jong Lee and Yun Kyu Lee*

Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Meridian & Acupoint, College of Oriental Medicine, Deagu Haany University

Correspondence to : *Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Pohang Oriental Hospital of Daegu Haany University, 411, Saecheonnyeon-daero, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 790-826, Republic of Korea
Tel : +82-54-271-8010 E-mail : hanyeesarang@hanmail.net

Received: February 9, 2015; Revised: February 22, 2015; Accepted: February 23, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmacoacupuncture at ST36 on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats.
Methods : Twenty rats were divided into four groups consisting of 5 rats: rats receiving no injection(normal), rats injected with monosodium Iodoacetate(MIA, control), rats injected with MIA and normal saline(N-S), and rats injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma (CRPA). N-S and CRPA were administered once a day at ST36 during 21 days. After that we examined the weight-bearing ability of hind paws, liver and kidney function, immunocell, cytokines, proteins, and gene expression of cytokines. Injury of synovial tissue was measured by H & E, Safranin O immunofluorescence.
Results : The weight-bearing ability of the hind paws, Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, LTB4, DPD, Osteocalcin, Protein COX-2 of CRPA decreased significantly. Protein Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase of CRPA was decreased, but not significantly. Expression of gene COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2 of CRPA decreased. In histological observations, CRPA was improved, compared with other control groups.
Conclusions : It can be suggested that Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture at ST36 has anti-inflammatory and pain relief effects on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats.

Keywords Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture; Osteoarthritis; Monosodium iodoacetate(MIA); ST36

Fig. 1.

Effects of CRPA on changes of weight bearing in hind paws of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).


Fig. 2.

Effects of CRPA on AST, ALT and Creatinine of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

**: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.01).

***: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.001).


Fig. 3.

Effects of CRPA on WBC, neutronphi and monocyte in the blood of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

WBC: white blood cell.

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).

**: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.01).


Fig. 4.

Effects of CRPA on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.05).

**: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.01).

***: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.001).


Fig. 5.

Effects of CRPA on COX-2 and Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase content in synovial tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.05).


Fig. 6.

Effects of CRPA on expression of inflammatory cytokine contents in synovial tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=2).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.


Fig. 7.

Effects of CRPA on joint pathology(H & E) in joint tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.


Fig. 8.

Effets of CRPA on joint pathology (safranin O staining) in joint tissue of MIA- induced osteoarthritis rats

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.


Effects of CRPA on Body Weight of MIA-induced Osteoarthritis Rats

GroupBody weights(g)
071421 days
Normal297.8±4.31333.7±6.94363.5±6.72371.5±4.12
Control290.8±2.59317.8±4.91345.8±6.27360.0±3.46
N-S300.0±4.22313.7±4.82336.0±4.95363.6±6.27
CRPA309.6±5.80312.8±7.99341.2±9.97365.8±10.34

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.


Effects of CRPA on Changes of Weight Bearing in Hind Paws of MIA-induced Osteoarthritis Rats

Groupratio
071421 days
Normal1.16±0.111.04±0.051.05±0.031.04±0.11
Control0.61±0.104.06±1.232.48±0.202.60±0.47
N-S0.86±0.142.37±0.361.78±0.251.80±0.12
CRPA0.67±0.131.73±0.361.57±0.25*1.12±0.15*

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).


  1. Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine. Gyeonggi: Jipmoondang; 2012. p. 549-64, 577-84
  2. The Korean Orthopaedic Association. Orthopedixs, 7th Edition. Seoul: Newest Medicine Company; 2013. p. 49-50, 99-100, 317-26, 1012-4
  3. Kang, MK, Nam, SS, and Lee, YH. The study on acupuncture for osteoarthritis. The Acupuncture 2003;20:18-28.
  4. Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Pharmaco- puncture Medical Mnstitute. Pharmacopuncturology. Seoul: Elsevierkorea; 2011. p. 3-8.
  5. Kim, WY, and Choi, JB. Effects of bee venom and cervi cornu parvum pharmacoacupuncture in monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat. JKMR 2010;20:61-77.
  6. Lee, OJ, Lee, DG, and Lee, JH. Effects of linne pharmacopuncture at ST on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. The Acupuncture 2013;30:95-105.
  7. Koo, MS, Yoon, JH, Kim, KH, Jang, JH, Lee, SD, and Kim, KS. The effect of herbal-acupuncture solution on immune responses to adjuvant induced arthritis in mice. The Acupuncture 2002;19:51-63.
  8. Bae, CW, Kim, KH, Hwang, HS, and Kim, YS. Effect of aqua-acupuncture in rats with arthritis induced by freund’s complete adjuvant. The Acupuncture 2001;18:217-25.
  9. Korean Medicine Teaching Meterial Editing Committee. Herbology. Seoul: Youngrimsa; 2011. 601 p.
  10. Ku, SK, Kim, JS, and Seo, YB. Effect of on reflux esophagitis by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2012;4:1241-55.
  11. Roh, SS. Effects of on anti- thrombotic activity. Korean Journal Herbology 2011;26:124-32.
  12. Wang, ZQ, Li, JL, and Sun, YL. E-CAM. 2013. Chinese herbal medicine for osteoporosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trails
    Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/356260.
  13. An, JU, and Yu, GY. Statistical analysis of biomedical data. Seoul: Hannarae; 2007. p. 312-78.
  14. Kim, HR. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoarthritis among women and men elderly people in Korea. Korea Gerontological Society 2013;33:805-20.
  15. Yoon, CH. Current clinical practice: osteoarthritis update. Korean Journal of Medicine 2012;82:170-4.
  16. Kim, MJ, Yoon, JH, Kim, KH, Lee, SD, and Kim, KS. Acupuncture therapy literature study on the knee rheumatoid arthritis. The Acupuncture 2005;22:191-201.
  17. Janusz, MJ, Hookfin, EB, and Heitmeyer, SA. Moderation of iodoacetate-induced experimental osteoarthritis in rats by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9:751-60.
  18. Wang, XD, Kou, XX, and He, DQ. PLoS One. 2012. Progression of cartilage degradation, bone resorption and pain in rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis induced by injection of iodoacetate. 7, e45036 Published online Sep 11, 2012.
    Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439407/pdf/pone.0045036.pdf.
  19. Neugebauer, V, Han, JS, Adwanikar, H, Fu, Y, and Ji, G. Molecular Pain. 2007. Techniques for assessing knee joint pain in arthritis. 3, 8
    Available from: http://www.molecularpain.com/content/3/1/8.
  20. Lee, HJ. Introduction and clinic of pharmacoacu- puncture. Seoul: Iljungsa; 1999. p. 16-8.
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  22. An, YG. Gyuonghulhakchongseo. Seoul: Seongbosa; 2002. p. 196-7.
  23. Kim, JC, Lee, EY, Seo, IB, Koo, ST, Choi, SM, and Kim, EW. Effects of low frequency electro-acupuncuture(ST) on the adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. The Acupuncture 2006;23:207-19.
  24. Lee, YS. Behavioral and histological changes of monosodium iodoacetate(MIA) induced osteoarthritis in rats. Seoul: Korea Univ; 2008. p. Korean
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Article

Original Article

The Acupuncture 2015; 32(1): 53-66

Published online March 20, 2015 https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Copyright © Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine Society.

족삼리의 仙茅약침이 Monosodium Iodoacetate로 유발한 골관절염 흰쥐에 미치는 영향

지민정, 임성철, 김재수, 이현종, 이윤규*

대구한의대학교 한의과대학 침구경혈학교실

Received: February 9, 2015; Revised: February 22, 2015; Accepted: February 23, 2015

Effects of Curculiginis Rhizoma Pharmaco-Acupuncture at ST36 on Monosodium Iodoacetate(MIA)-induced Osteoarthritic Rats

Min Jung Ji, Seong Chul Lim, Jae Soo Kim, Hyun Jong Lee and Yun Kyu Lee*

Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Meridian & Acupoint, College of Oriental Medicine, Deagu Haany University

Correspondence to:*Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Pohang Oriental Hospital of Daegu Haany University, 411, Saecheonnyeon-daero, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 790-826, Republic of Korea
Tel : +82-54-271-8010 E-mail : hanyeesarang@hanmail.net

Received: February 9, 2015; Revised: February 22, 2015; Accepted: February 23, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmacoacupuncture at ST36 on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats.
Methods : Twenty rats were divided into four groups consisting of 5 rats: rats receiving no injection(normal), rats injected with monosodium Iodoacetate(MIA, control), rats injected with MIA and normal saline(N-S), and rats injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma (CRPA). N-S and CRPA were administered once a day at ST36 during 21 days. After that we examined the weight-bearing ability of hind paws, liver and kidney function, immunocell, cytokines, proteins, and gene expression of cytokines. Injury of synovial tissue was measured by H & E, Safranin O immunofluorescence.
Results : The weight-bearing ability of the hind paws, Serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, LTB4, DPD, Osteocalcin, Protein COX-2 of CRPA decreased significantly. Protein Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase of CRPA was decreased, but not significantly. Expression of gene COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NOS2 of CRPA decreased. In histological observations, CRPA was improved, compared with other control groups.
Conclusions : It can be suggested that Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture at ST36 has anti-inflammatory and pain relief effects on monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats.

Keywords: Curculiginis Rhizoma pharmaco-acupuncture, Osteoarthritis, Monosodium iodoacetate(MIA), ST36

Fig 1.

Figure 1.

Effects of CRPA on changes of weight bearing in hind paws of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 2.

Figure 2.

Effects of CRPA on AST, ALT and Creatinine of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

**: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.01).

***: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.001).

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 3.

Figure 3.

Effects of CRPA on WBC, neutronphi and monocyte in the blood of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

WBC: white blood cell.

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).

**: statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.01).

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 4.

Figure 4.

Effects of CRPA on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.05).

**: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.01).

***: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.001).

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 5.

Figure 5.

Effects of CRPA on COX-2 and Arachidonate 5 lipoxygenase content in synovial tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

*: statistically significant compared with control group(p<0.05).

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 6.

Figure 6.

Effects of CRPA on expression of inflammatory cytokine contents in synovial tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=2).

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 7.

Figure 7.

Effects of CRPA on joint pathology(H & E) in joint tissue of MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Fig 8.

Figure 8.

Effets of CRPA on joint pathology (safranin O staining) in joint tissue of MIA- induced osteoarthritis rats

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone.

Control: rats were injected with MIA.

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline.

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma.

Journal of Acupuncture Research 2015; 32: 53-66https://doi.org/10.13045/acupunct.2015005

Table 1 .. Effects of CRPA on Body Weight of MIA-induced Osteoarthritis Rats.

GroupBody weights(g)
071421 days
Normal297.8±4.31333.7±6.94363.5±6.72371.5±4.12
Control290.8±2.59317.8±4.91345.8±6.27360.0±3.46
N-S300.0±4.22313.7±4.82336.0±4.95363.6±6.27
CRPA309.6±5.80312.8±7.99341.2±9.97365.8±10.34

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5)..

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone..

Control: rats were injected with MIA..

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline..

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma..


Table 2 .. Effects of CRPA on Changes of Weight Bearing in Hind Paws of MIA-induced Osteoarthritis Rats.

Groupratio
071421 days
Normal1.16±0.111.04±0.051.05±0.031.04±0.11
Control0.61±0.104.06±1.232.48±0.202.60±0.47
N-S0.86±0.142.37±0.361.78±0.251.80±0.12
CRPA0.67±0.131.73±0.361.57±0.25*1.12±0.15*

The results were expressed as mean ± SD(n=5)..

Normal: rats were no injected with anyone..

Control: rats were injected with MIA..

N-S: rats were injected with MIA and normal saline..

CRPA: rats were injected with MIA and Curculiginis Rhizoma..

*statistically significant compared with control group (p<0.05).


References

  1. Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine. Gyeonggi: Jipmoondang; 2012. p. 549-64, 577-84
  2. The Korean Orthopaedic Association. Orthopedixs, 7th Edition. Seoul: Newest Medicine Company; 2013. p. 49-50, 99-100, 317-26, 1012-4
  3. Kang, MK, Nam, SS, and Lee, YH. The study on acupuncture for osteoarthritis. The Acupuncture 2003;20:18-28.
  4. Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Pharmaco- puncture Medical Mnstitute. Pharmacopuncturology. Seoul: Elsevierkorea; 2011. p. 3-8.
  5. Kim, WY, and Choi, JB. Effects of bee venom and cervi cornu parvum pharmacoacupuncture in monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat. JKMR 2010;20:61-77.
  6. Lee, OJ, Lee, DG, and Lee, JH. Effects of linne pharmacopuncture at ST on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. The Acupuncture 2013;30:95-105.
  7. Koo, MS, Yoon, JH, Kim, KH, Jang, JH, Lee, SD, and Kim, KS. The effect of herbal-acupuncture solution on immune responses to adjuvant induced arthritis in mice. The Acupuncture 2002;19:51-63.
  8. Bae, CW, Kim, KH, Hwang, HS, and Kim, YS. Effect of aqua-acupuncture in rats with arthritis induced by freund’s complete adjuvant. The Acupuncture 2001;18:217-25.
  9. Korean Medicine Teaching Meterial Editing Committee. Herbology. Seoul: Youngrimsa; 2011. 601 p.
  10. Ku, SK, Kim, JS, and Seo, YB. Effect of on reflux esophagitis by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2012;4:1241-55.
  11. Roh, SS. Effects of on anti- thrombotic activity. Korean Journal Herbology 2011;26:124-32.
  12. Wang, ZQ, Li, JL, and Sun, YL. E-CAM. 2013. Chinese herbal medicine for osteoporosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trails Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/356260.
  13. An, JU, and Yu, GY. Statistical analysis of biomedical data. Seoul: Hannarae; 2007. p. 312-78.
  14. Kim, HR. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoarthritis among women and men elderly people in Korea. Korea Gerontological Society 2013;33:805-20.
  15. Yoon, CH. Current clinical practice: osteoarthritis update. Korean Journal of Medicine 2012;82:170-4.
  16. Kim, MJ, Yoon, JH, Kim, KH, Lee, SD, and Kim, KS. Acupuncture therapy literature study on the knee rheumatoid arthritis. The Acupuncture 2005;22:191-201.
  17. Janusz, MJ, Hookfin, EB, and Heitmeyer, SA. Moderation of iodoacetate-induced experimental osteoarthritis in rats by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9:751-60.
  18. Wang, XD, Kou, XX, and He, DQ. PLoS One. 2012. Progression of cartilage degradation, bone resorption and pain in rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis induced by injection of iodoacetate. 7, e45036 Published online Sep 11, 2012. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3439407/pdf/pone.0045036.pdf.
  19. Neugebauer, V, Han, JS, Adwanikar, H, Fu, Y, and Ji, G. Molecular Pain. 2007. Techniques for assessing knee joint pain in arthritis. 3, 8 Available from: http://www.molecularpain.com/content/3/1/8.
  20. Lee, HJ. Introduction and clinic of pharmacoacu- puncture. Seoul: Iljungsa; 1999. p. 16-8.
  21. Baik, SI, Ahn, JC, Kim, YJ, Kim, HS, and Kwon, KR. Type analysis of pharmacopuncture papers published in the journal of Korean acupuncture and moxibustion. The Acupuncture 2006;23:19-27.
  22. An, YG. Gyuonghulhakchongseo. Seoul: Seongbosa; 2002. p. 196-7.
  23. Kim, JC, Lee, EY, Seo, IB, Koo, ST, Choi, SM, and Kim, EW. Effects of low frequency electro-acupuncuture(ST) on the adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. The Acupuncture 2006;23:207-19.
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Jan 07, 2025 Volume 42:1~130

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